Constantinople Capital of the Eastern Roman Empir

In the 7th century BCE, the city of Byzantium was built on the European side of the Strait of Bosporus in what is now modern Turkey. Hundreds of years later, the Roman emperor Constantine renamed it Nova Roma (new Rome). The city later became Constantinople, in honor of its Roman founder; it was renamed Istanbul by the Turks during the 20th century. Geography Constantinople is located on the Bosporus River, meaning that it lies on the boundary between Asia and Europe. Surrounded by water, it was easily accessible to other parts of the Roman Empire via the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Danube River, and Dnieper River. Constantinople was also accessible via land routes to Turkestan, India, Antioch, the Silk Road, and Alexandria. Like Rome, the city claims 7 hills,  a rocky terrain that had limited earlier utilization of a site so important for sea trade. History of Constantinople Emperor Diocletian ruled the Roman Empire from 284 to 305 CE. He chose to split the huge empire into n eastern and western parts, with a ruler for each portion of the empire. Diocletian ruled the east, while Constantine rose to power in the west. In 312 CE, Constantine challenged the rule of the eastern empire, and, upon winning the Battle of Milvian Bridge, became sole emperor of a reunited Rome. Constantine chose the city of Byzantium for his Nova Roma. It was located near the center of the reunited Empire, was surrounded by water, and had a good harbor. This meant it was easy to reach, fortify, and defend. Constantine put a great deal of money and effort into turning his new capital into a great city. He added broad streets, meeting halls, a hippodrome, and a complex water supply and storage system. Constantinople remained a major political and cultural center during the reign of Justinian, becoming the first great Christian city. It went through a number of political and military upheavals, becoming the capital of the Ottoman Empire and, later, the capital of modern Turkey (under the new name Istanbul). Natural and Man-Made Fortifications Constantine, the early fourth-century emperor known for encouraging Christianity in the Roman Empire, enlarged the earlier city of Byzantium, in CE 328. He put up a defensive wall (1-1/2 miles east of where the Theodosian walls would be), along the westward limits of the city. The other sides of the city had natural defenses. Constantine then inaugurated the city as his capital in 330. Constantinople is almost surrounded by water, except on its side facing Europe where walls were built. The city was built on a promontory projecting into the Bosphorus (Bosporus), which is the strait between the Sea of Marmara (Propontis) and the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus). North of the city was a bay called the Golden Horn, with an invaluable harbor. A double line of protective fortifications went 6.5 km from the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn. This was completed during the reign of Theodosius II (408-450), under the care of his praetorian prefect Anthemius; the inner set was completed in CE 423. The Theodosian walls are shown as the limits of the Old City according to modern maps [according to The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453, by Stephen R. Turnbull].

The Good Life Is Life - 1306 Words

The good life is life that should be focused on it’s true denotation, a present body life, not an afterlife. A key aspect of the good life is that it puts goals, dreams, and aspirations in the main focus. The good life is not a refusal of God and eternity, rather places the religious ideas in the background to allow for full pleasure by the individual. In addition, the good life cherishes the small things in life and places importance on the finite, at risk, unique parts in the journey of an individual. Furthermore, in making sure to not un-properly empathize the â€Å"small things† in life, the good life in its whole values the daily â€Å"grind† and experiences and aims to avoid becoming attached to material, fragile objects. Montaigne says â€Å"In my opinion, the most ordinary things, the most commonplace and best known can constitute, if we know how to present them in the right life, the greatest of nature’s miracles.† (Montaigne, 1227) Both ph ilosophers are trying to find the best way to view life and use their work to try to get there. Overall, the good life shares aspects of both philosophies of Boethius and Montaigne. But, in looking at this idea in this work, the good life accepts and rejects pieces of the two philosophies and follows itself more with the ideals of Montaigne. First, Montaigne writes in On Experience, â€Å"death is a future of our being† and this is aligned with the good life because it accepts the notion of death and allows the individual to worry less about deathShow MoreRelatedThe On The Good Life Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of living â€Å"the good life† means something different for everyone. 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Much Ado About Nothing free essay sample

The negative and positive impacts of love are explored using various main characters in the play ‘Much ado About Nothing’. The play was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan era and therefore love was portrayed in a very different way, they would have seen a woman as less important in a relationship; in this era however we have very different views and see both genders as equal. Consequently as the play progresses the Elizabethan audience would relate a lot more to the courtly love that Hero and Claudio comprise. The more unconventional relationship between Beatrice and Benedick may relate more to the relationships in this day and age. The strongest bond of love is between Beatrice and Benedick due to their cerebral relationship, a meeting of minds, as well as having a fun relationship grounded on loyalty. They experience negative impacts of love before the positive impacts; unlike Hero and Claudio’s relationship. With Leonato being much older than Claudio, Leonato knows what is best for his daughter, Hero and wants her to marry someone that will contribute to his self-image to, to make him look more superior. Claudio is Hero’s fiance, and Hero also plays an important image for Claudio’s sake. Claudio does not know Hero very much, but relates to her as a ‘Jewel’. By relating Hero to a ‘Jewel, it shows us how precious she is to him and as a jewel is a prized possession gives us the image that Hero is Claudio’s prized possession. Don Jon creates this devious plan to get back at his brother Don Pedro as Don Pedro has it was his responsibility for this marriage to continue, therefore he wooed Hero for Claudio, so if it was to go wrong it would look bad on Don Pedro as he started this relationship. In ‘Much Ado About Nothing’ Claudio seems to be very insecure; this is shown by the way Don Jon can easily mislead him into something which is not true. Claudio is seen as an easy target. To Claudio there is a lot of evidence as to him he is seeing it in front of is eyes and has the witness of Don Pedro and Don Jon. By this we can see it as very believable, however our eyes can deceive us and lead to consequences that you may not want to happen. As Claudio is obviously very angry at this stage he does not know how to confront Hero about this allegation. Claudio is in a state of shock, to watch his bride-to-be, have sex with a man that has less status than him, and immediately questions himself about marrying Hero and especially confused about what to do. He then again confronts ’Don Jon for advice and approval of what to do. The way Claudio public humiliated Hero was very harsh. All the anger got took out on her and made her look vastly diminutive. With Don Jon, Don Pedro and Benedick in the presence of this public humiliation affected the situation a lot. As Hero can be very timid in the presence of a man, she does not answer to Claudio’s accusations against her. With the fact that Don Jon, Don Pedro and Benedick were at the wedding; it gave a lot of pressure onto Claudio to show how superior he was in front of a respected woman to have supposedly slept with a lower class than her. Seeing that Don Jon, Don Pedro and Benedick was there and had witnessed themselves to have seen Hero have sex with another man before her wedding day, Claudio had there view of what had happened. By them being there Claudio showed that Hero was not worthy enough for him and wanted everyone else to know that as well; and look down at her. Claudio insults Hero and refers her to approved wanton’s in today’s standard English is known as a proven whore. Claudio refers Hero to this as he witnessed it for himself, and in the Elizabethan era, to loose your virginity before marriage was a big deal and you would be known as a whore. Claudio is offended by the fact that Hero is seemed to be so ‘pure’ and ‘worthy’ and she has done this terrible act. By Claudio relating Hero to a ‘pure’ and ‘worthy’ women, gives us the image she is an innocent lady and has been brought up well. Leonato plays a lot in these quotes because it puts the pressure onto him; giving the impression he wasn’t a good enough father to bring up his daughter to learn the meanings of wrong and right. This also shows a lot of the personal image; Claudio wants to show how he looked upon Hero before he found out about Hero’s wrongdoing, and then compares her to ‘Venus†¦pampered animal’. Venus was known as the goddess of sexual love, which relates to Hero as an over craved sexual ‘animal’. The meaning ‘pampered animal tells us that Claudio looks at Hero in an animal image; she cannot control herself and needs to be tamed. Saying that Hero is a ‘pampered animal’ contrasts with the fact she cannot be controlled but yet is living a luxurious lifestyle. By this Claudio is quick to accuse Hero of wrong doing and because Hero never would do such a thing it appears he does not know her very well. When Claudio accuses Hero of having sex with another lower class man, Leonato is also very quick to accuse Hero as well. This is because Claudio is a at a high status and Leonato looks highly up to him, with Don Jon’s blessing on the marriage it looks a bad image for Leonato’s daughter, Hero to commit such a crime’. When Hero was public humiliated, Leonato was to. Hero is seen as a part of Leonato as she shows the effort and care he has taken to bring her up as a: Loyal, Trusting, Obedient young lady. If Hero is to act in a dreadful way it would look back to Leonato because he is the one that brought her up. In Act 4, Scene 1, Leonato is incredibly ashamed of his daughter and what she has meant to have done. Leonato’s feelings are very intense, and it reflects the pride and love he felt towards Hero as a daughter. He is ashamed of how her honor has ‘fallen into a pit of ink’. The public humiliation affected Leonato’s judgment towards his daughter, because Leonato is the governor of his city and at the wedding everyone is there so it is a big deal, for someone that the city looks up for advice, that there daughter would do such an outstanding act. Overall, the way that Leonato and Claudio treat Hero, is mainly to do with their self-image and how they are seen among the fellow citizens of their city. If both Leonato and Claudio had not been in such a high class then it would not be such a bigger deal if she had slept with another man. Seeing that Hero did not sleep with another man, it shows how women are seen to me. Hero never really had her own mind and was expected to do what her father wanted for her and as for Leonato the image for Hero to be a loyal wife for him and for his status. Mostly a respected women is good for a mans image and shows that the father is capable to bring up his daughter to be a respected women. If Hero was to be guilty then it would look even worse for Leonato’s and Claudio’s self-image, as the citizens of their city would look down and would seem less superior.